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The goal of the National Science Foundation’s International Research Experiences for Students (IRES) program is to provide high quality educational experiences for small groups of U.S. students through active research participation in collaboration with foreign researchers at an international site and provide students with international collaborative research training and a personal network on which to build future collaborations. Interdisciplinary Research in Korea on Applied smart systems (IRiKA) is an NSF IRES Track I program that commenced in 2019. Over the lifetime of this 3-year project (2019 - 2021), a cohort of 5 students selected from three participating U.S. institutions are to be supported each year, making the total number of participants 15. In Summer 2019, the first cohort of five students completed their 8-week immersive research internship at Korea’s top-ranked university. COVID-19 affected most, if not all, in-bound and out-bound international programs. IRiKA was no exception. In late February 2020, the program was canceled altogether because no viable alternative could be offered for Summer 2020, as institutions world-wide were grappling with disruptive challenges the pandemic brought on. In Fall 2020, with contingency plans in place and an additional Korean host site aboard, the project team solicited applications. However, in early 2021, before the final selection of the 2021 cohort was complete, two of the U.S. participating institutions announced that international travel would not be permitted for their faculty and students. The project team went on to select a cohort from one U.S. institution only and continued to monitor the travel health notice level for Korea. While some modifications were made to the in-country program to comply with the COVID-19 regulations in Korea, the 8-week research experience was in-person and remained largely uncompromised for the 2021 cohort. In this Work-in-Progress paper, the three US-based lead investigators compare the two versions of the IRiKA program – before and during the pandemic – and share the lessons learned. The no-cost-extension will allow IRiKA to continue until Summer 2022. Selection of the Summer 2022 cohort will be complete by early March of 2022. 

The goal of the National Science Foundation’s International Research Experiences for Students (IRES) program is to provide high quality educational experiences for small groups of U.S. students through active research participation in collaboration with foreign researchers at an international site and provide students with international collaborative research training and a personal network on which to build future collaborations. Interdisciplinary Research in Korea on Applied smart systems (IRiKA) is an NSF IRES Track I program that commenced in 2019. Over the lifetime of this 3-year project (2019 - 2021), a cohort of 5 students selected from three participating U.S. institutions are to be supported each year, making the total number of participants 15. In Summer 2019, the first cohort of five students completed their 8-week immersive research internship at Korea’s top-ranked university. COVID-19 affected most, if not all, in-bound and out-bound international programs. IRiKA was no exception. In late February 2020, the program was canceled altogether because no viable alternative could be offered for Summer 2020, as institutions world-wide were grappling with disruptive challenges the pandemic brought on. In Fall 2020, with contingency plans in place and an additional Korean host site aboard, the project team solicited applications. However, in early 2021, before the final selection of the 2021 cohort was complete, two of the U.S. participating institutions announced that international travel would not be permitted for their faculty and students. The project team went on to select a cohort from one U.S. institution only and continued to monitor the travel health notice level for Korea. While some modifications were made to the in-country program to comply with the COVID-19 regulations in Korea, the 8-week research experience was in-person and remained largely uncompromised for the 2021 cohort. In this Work-in-Progress paper, the three US-based lead investigators compare the two versions of the IRiKA program – before and during the pandemic – and share the lessons learned. The no-cost-extension will allow IRiKA to continue until Summer 2022. Selection of the Summer 2022 cohort will be complete by early March of 2022. 

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used in laboratory settings as an analytical tool for recognizing and discriminating biological and chemical molecules of interest. As a result, recent studies have shown there to be considerable attention in practical applications of the QCM technique beyond the laboratory. However, most commercial QCM instruments are not suitable for off-laboratory usage. For field-deployable applications and in situ detection, the development of a portable QCM measurement system achieving comparable performance to benchtop instruments is highly desired. In this paper, we describe the development of a fully customizable, miniaturized, battery-powered, and cost-efficient QCM system employing a phase-locked loop (PLL) electronic circuit-based QCM measurement system. The performance of this developed system showed a minimum frequency resolution of approximately 0.22 Hz at 0.1 s measurement time. This novel, miniaturized system successfully demonstrated an ability to detect two common volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methanol and dichloromethane (DCM), and the obtained results were comparable to responses from a commercially available benchtop instrument. 

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that evaporate under standard atmospheric conditions are of growing concern. This is because it is well established that VOCs represent major contamination risks since release of these compounds into the atmosphere can contribute to global warming, and thus, can also be detrimental to the overall health of worldwide populations including plants, animals, and humans. Consequently, the detection, discrimination, and quantification of VOCs have become highly relevant areas of research over the past few decades. One method that has been and continues to be creatively developed for analyses of VOCs is the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). In this review, we summarize and analyze applications of QCM devices for the development of sensor arrays aimed at the detection of environmentally relevant VOCs. Herein, we also summarize applications of a variety of coatings, e.g., polymers, macrocycles, and ionic liquids that have been used and reported in the literature for surface modification in order to enhance sensing and selective detection of VOCs using quartz crystal resonators (QCRs) and thus QCM. In this review, we also summarize novel electronic systems that have been developed for improved QCM measurements. 

Fluorescent portable monitoring systems provide real-time and on-site analysis of a sample solution, avoiding transportation delays and solution degradation. However, some applications, such as environmental monitoring of bodies of water with algae pollution, rely on the temperature control that off-site systems provide for adequate solution results. The goal of this research is the development of a temperature stabilization module for a portable fluorescent sensing platform, which is necessary to prevent inaccurate results. Using a Peltier device-based system, the module heats/cools a solution through digital-to-analog control of the current, using three surface-mounted temperature modules attached to a copper cuvette holder, which is directly attached to the Peltier device. This system utilizes an in-house algorithm for control, which effectively minimizes temperature overshooting when a change is enacted. Finally, with the use of a sample fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B, the system’s controllability is highlighted through the monitoring of Rhodamine B’s fluorescence emission decrease as the solution temperature increases. 

Piezoelectric mass sensors have been widely studied for a variety of applications as a biological or chemical sensing transducer. With an increasing range of application areas and performance requirements for fast measurement time, higher resolution and accuracy, and compact system size, different measurement electronic systems have also been investigated to fulfill the performance requirements. Selecting a proper type of measurement electronics is critical to develop an optimized sensing system for practical applications. In this review, we cover different types of measurement electronics configurations including impedance-based measurement, oscillator-based measurement, and ring-down technique. Also, we provide an overview of the recent advances of each measurement electronics configuration for piezoelectric resonator sensors. Finally, the pros and cons of each measurement electronic configuration are compared and discussed. 

In this Work-in-Progress paper, we report the results and reflect on the first year of the IRiKA program, which ran from June 2019 to August 2019. The first co-hort of five students were selected in January 2019. Three among the five participants were underrepresented minority students. To evaluate the program, we used formative and summative assessments. Entrance surveys, exit surveys, and program evaluations were used to collect qualitative data. The qualitative method involved interviews with students, analysis of students’ weekly blog posts, and conversations with the Korean mentors. The results of the analysis were and will be used to reflect on the curriculum and form a basis for possible future revisions.